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2 The field SqrtField
2.1 Definition of the field
2.1-1 SqrtFieldIsGaussRat
2.2 Construction of elements
2.2-1 Sqroot
2.2-2 CoefficientsOfSqrtFieldElt
2.2-3 SqrtFieldEltByCoefficients
2.2-4 SqrtFieldEltToCyclotomic
2.2-5 SqrtFieldEltByCyclotomic
2.3 Basic operations
2.3-1 SqrtFieldMakeRational
2.3-2 SqrtFieldPolynomialToRationalPolynomial
2.3-3 SqrtFieldRationalPolynomialToSqrtFieldPolynomial
2.3-4 Factors

### 2 The field SqrtField

#### 2.1 Definition of the field

The field Q^sqrt}(imath) with Q^sqrt}=Q({sqrtp∣ p a prime}) and imath=sqrt-1∈C is realised as SqrtField. A few functions print some information on what they are doing to the info class InfoSqrtField; this can be turned off by setting SetInfoLevel( InfoSqrtField, 0 );.

##### 2.1-1 SqrtFieldIsGaussRat

`‣ SqrtFieldIsGaussRat`( q ) | ( function )

Here q is an element of SqrtField; this function returns true if and only if q is the product of One(SqrtField) and a Gaussian rational.

    gap> F := SqrtField;
    SqrtField
    gap> IsField( F ); LeftActingDomain( F ); Size( F ); Characteristic( F );
    true
    GaussianRationals
    infinity
    0
    gap> one := One( F );
    1
    gap> 2 in F; 2*one in F; 2*E(4)*one in F;
    false
    true
    true
    gap> a := 2/3*E(4)*one;;
    gap> a in SqrtField; a in GaussianRationals; SqrtFieldIsGaussRat( a );
    true
    false
    true

#### 2.2 Construction of elements

Every f in SqrtField can be uniquely written as f=∑_j=1^m r_i sqrtk_j for Gaussian rationals r_i∈Q(imath) and pairwise distinct squarefree positive integers k_1,...,k_m. Thus, f can be described efficiently by its coefficient vector [[r_1,k_1],...,[r_j,k_j]].

##### 2.2-1 Sqroot

`‣ Sqroot`( q ) | ( function )

Here q is a rational number and Sqroot(q) is the element sqrtq as an element of SqrtField. If q=(-1)^ϵ a/b with coprime integers a,b≥ 0 and ϵ∈{0,1}, then Sqroot(q) is represented as the element E(4)^ε*b*Sqroot(ab) of SqrtField.

##### 2.2-2 CoefficientsOfSqrtFieldElt

`‣ CoefficientsOfSqrtFieldElt`( f ) | ( function )

If f is an element in SqrtField, then CoefficientsOfSqrtFieldElt(f) returns its coefficient vector [[r_1,k_1],...,[r_m,k_m]] as described above, that is, r_1,...,r_m∈Q(imath) and k_1,...,k_m are pairwise distinct positive squarefree integers such that f=∑_j=1^m r_jsqrtk_j.

##### 2.2-3 SqrtFieldEltByCoefficients

`‣ SqrtFieldEltByCoefficients`( l ) | ( function )

If l is a list [[r_1,k_1],...,[r_m,k_m]] with Gaussian rationals r_j and rationals k_j, then SqrtFieldEltByCoeffiients(l) returns the element ∑_j=1^m r_jsqrtk_j as an element of SqrtField. Note that here k_1,...,k_m need not to be positive, squarefree, or pairwise distinct.

    gap> Sqroot(-(2*3*4)/(11*13)); Sqroot(245/15); Sqroot(16/9);
    2/143*E(4)*Sqroot(858)
    7/3*Sqroot(3)
    4/3
    gap> a := 2+Sqroot(7)+Sqroot(99);
    2 + Sqroot(7) + 3*Sqroot(11)
    gap> CoefficientsOfSqrtFieldElt(a);
    [ [ 2, 1 ], [ 1, 7 ], [ 3, 11 ] ]
    gap> SqrtFieldEltByCoefficients([[2,9],[1,7],[E(4),13]]);
    6 + Sqroot(7) + E(4)*Sqroot(13)

##### 2.2-4 SqrtFieldEltToCyclotomic

`‣ SqrtFieldEltToCyclotomic`( f ) | ( function )

If f lies in SqrtField with coefficient vector [[r_1,k_1],...,[r_m,k_m]], then SqrtFieldEltToCyclotomic(f) returns ∑_j=1^m r_jsqrtk_j lying in a suitable cyclotomic field CF(n). The degree n can easily become too large, hence this function should be used with caution.

##### 2.2-5 SqrtFieldEltByCyclotomic

`‣ SqrtFieldEltByCyclotomic`( c ) | ( function )

If c is an element of Q^sqrt}(imath) represented as an element of a cyclotomic field CF(n), then SqrtFieldEltByCyclotomic(c) returns the corresponding element in SqrtField. Our algorithm for doing this is described in [DG13].

    gap> SqrtFieldEltToCyclotomic( Sqroot(2) );
    E(8)-E(8)^3
    gap> SqrtFieldEltToCyclotomic( Sqroot(2)+E(4)*Sqroot(7) );
    E(56)^5+E(56)^8+E(56)^13-E(56)^15+E(56)^16-E(56)^23-E(56)^24+E(56)^29-E(56)^31+
    E(56)^32+E(56)^37-E(56)^39-E(56)^40+E(56)^45-E(56)^47-E(56)^48+E(56)^53-E(56)^55
    gap> SqrtFieldEltByCyclotomic( E(8)-E(8)^3 );
    Sqroot(2)
    gap> SqrtFieldEltByCyclotomic( 3*E(4)*Sqrt(11)-2/4*Sqrt(-13/7) );
    3*E(4)*Sqroot(11) + (-1/14*E(4))*Sqroot(91)

#### 2.3 Basic operations

All basic field operations are available. The inverse of an element f in SqrtField as follows: We first compute the minimal polynomial p(X) of f over Q(imath), that is, a non-trivial linear combination 0=p(f)=a_0+a_1 f+... a_i-1f^i-1+f^i. Then f^-1=-(a_1+a_2f+...+a_i-1f^i-2+f^i-1)/a_0. Although the inverse of f can be computed with linear algebra methods only, the degree of the minimal polynomial of f can become rather large. For example, if f=∑_j=1^m r_i sqrtk_j for rational r_i and pairwise distinct positive squarefree integers k_1,...,k_m, then f is a primitive element of the number field Q(sqrtk_1,...,sqrtk_m), see for example Lemma A.5 in [DG13]. For larger degree, the progress of the computation of the inverse is printed via the InfoClass InfoSqrtField. We remark that the method Random simply returns a sum of a few terms asqrtb where a,b are random rationals constructed with Random(Rationals).

    gap> a := Sqroot( 2 ) + 3 * Sqroot( 3/7 ); b := Sqroot( 21 ) - Sqroot( 2 );
    Sqroot(2) + 3/7*Sqroot(21)
    (-1)*Sqroot(2) + Sqroot(21)
    gap> a + b; a * b; a - b;
    10/7*Sqroot(21)
    7 + 4/7*Sqroot(42)
    2*Sqroot(2) + (-4/7)*Sqroot(21)
    gap> c := ( a - b )^-2;
    91/8 + 7/4*Sqroot(42)
    gap> a := Sum( List( [2,3,5,7], x -> Sqroot( x ) ) );
    Sqroot(2) + Sqroot(3) + Sqroot(5) + Sqroot(7)
    gap> b := a^-1; a*b;
    37/43*Sqroot(2) + (-29/43)*Sqroot(3) + (-133/215)*Sqroot(5) +
    27/43*Sqroot(7) + 62/215*Sqroot(30) + (-10/43)*Sqroot(42) + (-34/215)*Sqroot(70)
    + 22/215*Sqroot(105)
    1
    gap> ComplexConjugate(Sqroot(17)+Sqroot(-7));
    (-E(4))*Sqroot(7) + Sqroot(17)
    gap> Random( SqrtField );
    -1 + 1/4*Sqroot(3) + 1/9*Sqroot(6)

Most methods for list, matrices, and polynomials also work over SqrtField.

    gap> m:=[[Sqroot(2),Sqroot(3)],[Sqroot(2),Sqroot(5)],[1,0]]*One(SqrootField);
    [ [ Sqroot(2), Sqroot(3) ], [ Sqroot(2), Sqroot(5) ], [ 1, 0 ] ]
    gap> NullspaceMat(m);
    [ [ (-5/4)*Sqroot(2) + (-1/4)*Sqroot(30), 3/4*Sqroot(2) + 1/4*Sqroot(30), 1 ] ]
    gap> RankMat(m);
    2
    gap> m := [[Sqroot(2),Sqroot(3)],[Sqroot(2),Sqroot(5)]];
    [ [ Sqroot(2), Sqroot(3) ], [ Sqroot(2), Sqroot(5) ] ]
    gap> Determinant( m );  DefaultFieldOfMatrix( m );
    (-1)*Sqroot(6) + Sqroot(10)
    SqrtField
    gap> x := Indeterminate( SqrtField, "x" );; f := x^2+x+1;
    x^2+x+1

##### 2.3-1 SqrtFieldMakeRational

`‣ SqrtFieldMakeRational`( m ) | ( function )

If m is an element of SqrtField, or a list or a matrix over SqrtField, defined over the Gaussian rationals, then SqrtFieldMakeRational( m ) returns the corresponding element in Q(imath) or defined over Q(imath), respectively. This function is used internally, for example, to compute the determinant or rank of a rational matrix over SqrtField more efficiently. It is also used in the following three functions.

##### 2.3-2 SqrtFieldPolynomialToRationalPolynomial

`‣ SqrtFieldPolynomialToRationalPolynomial`( f ) | ( function )

Here f is a polynomial over SqrtField but with coefficients in the Gaussian rationals. The function returns the corresponding polynomial defined over the Gaussian rationals.

##### 2.3-3 SqrtFieldRationalPolynomialToSqrtFieldPolynomial

`‣ SqrtFieldRationalPolynomialToSqrtFieldPolynomial`( f ) | ( function )

If f is a polynomial over the Gaussian rationals, then the function returns the corresponding polynomial defined over SqrtField.

##### 2.3-4 Factors

`‣ Factors`( f ) | ( operation )

If f is a rational polynomial defined over SqrtField, then the previous two functions are used to obtain its factorisation over Q.

    gap> F := SqrtField;; one := One( SqrtField );;
    gap> x := Indeterminate( F, "x" );; f := x^5 + 4*x^3 + E(4)*one*x;
    x^5+4*x^3+E(4)*x
    gap> SqrtFieldPolynomialToRationalPolynomial(f);
    x_1^5+4*x_1^3+E(4)*x_1
    gap> SqrtFieldRationalPolynomialToSqrtFieldPolynomial(last);
    x^5+4*x^3+E(4)*x
    gap> f := x^2-1;; Factors(f);
    [ x-1, x+1 ]
    gap> f := x^2+1;; Factors(f);
    [ x^2+1 ]

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