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# 1 Grape

### Sections

1. Installing the GRAPE Package
2. Loading GRAPE
3. The structure of a graph in GRAPE
4. Examples of the use of GRAPE

This manual describes the GRAPE (Version 4.7) package for computing with graphs and groups.

GRAPE is primarily designed for the construction and analysis of finite graphs related to groups, designs, and geometries. Special emphasis is placed on the determination of regularity properties and subgraph structure. The GRAPE philosophy is that a graph gamma always comes together with a known subgroup G of the automorphism group of gamma, and that G is used to reduce the storage and CPU-time requirements for calculations with gamma (see Soi93 and Soi04). Of course G may be the trivial group, and in this case GRAPE algorithms may perform more slowly than strictly combinatorial algorithms (although this degradation in performance is hopefully never more than a fixed constant factor).

Most GRAPE functions are written entirely in the GAP language. However, the GRAPE functions `AutomorphismGroup`, `AutGroupGraph`, `IsIsomorphicGraph`, `GraphIsomorphismClassRepresentatives`, `GraphIsomorphism` and `PartialLinearSpaces` make direct or indirect use the nauty Nau90,MP14 or bliss JK07 packages, via a GRAPE interface. These functions can only be used on a fully installed version of GRAPE. Installation of GRAPE is described in this chapter of the manual.

Except for the nauty package of B.D. Mckay included with GRAPE, the function `SmallestImageSet` by Steve Linton, the nauty interface by Alexander Hulpke, and the initial bliss interface by Jerry James, the GRAPE package was designed and written by Leonard H. Soicher, School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London. Except for the included nauty package, GRAPE is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. For details, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html. Further licensing and copyright information for GRAPE is contained in its `COPYING` file.

If you use GRAPE to solve a problem then please send a short email about it to L.H.Soicher@qmul.ac.uk, and reference the GRAPE package as follows:

L.H. Soicher, The GRAPE package for GAP, Version 4.7, 2016, http://www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/~leonard/grape/.

If your work made use of a function depending on nauty or bliss then you should also reference nauty Nau90,MP14 or bliss JK07 as appropriate.

The development of GRAPE was partially supported by a European Union HCM grant in ``Computational Group Theory''. It is currently partially supported by EPSRC grant EP/M022641/1 (CoDiMa: a Collaborative Computational Project in the area of Computational Discrete Mathematics).

## 1.1 Installing the GRAPE Package

Since version 4.5, the official GAP distribution includes the GRAPE package, which includes a 32-bit nauty/dreadnaut binary for Windows (XP and later versions). Thus, GRAPE normally requires no further installation for Windows users of GAP.

You do not need to download and unpack an archive for GRAPE unless you want to install the package separately from your main GAP installation or are installing an upgrade of GRAPE to an existing installation of GAP (see the main GAP reference section Reference:Installing a GAP Package). If you do need to download GRAPE, you can find the most recent `.tar.gz` archive file for the package at http://www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/~leonard/grape/, and then this archive file should be downloaded and unpacked in the `pkg` subdirectory of an appropriate GAP root directory (see the main GAP reference section Reference:GAP Root Directories).

If your GRAPE installation does not include a pre-compiled binary of the nauty/dreadnaut programs included with GRAPE and you do not want to use an already installed version of nauty or bliss, you will need to perform compilation of the nauty/dreadnaut programs included with GRAPE, and to do this in a Unix environment, you should proceed as follows. After installing GAP, go to the GRAPE home directory (usually the directory `pkg/grape` of the GAP home directory), and run `./configure` path``, where path is the path of the GAP home directory. So for example, if you install GRAPE in the `pkg` directory of the GAP home directory, run

    ./configure ../..

This will fetch the name of the architecture for which GAP has been most recently configured, and create a `Makefile`. Now run

    make

to create the nauty/dreadnaut binary and to put it in the appropriate place. This configuration/make process for GRAPE only works for the last architecture for which GAP was configured. Therefore, you should always follow the above procedure to install the nauty/dreadnaut binary immediately after compiling GAP for a given configuration, say for a different architecture on a common file system. However, if you want to add GRAPE later, you can just run `./configure` again in the GAP home directory for the architecture, before performing the GRAPE configure/make process to install the nauty/dreadnaut binary for that architecture.

To use GRAPE with a separately installed version of nauty or bliss you should proceed as follows. Please note that the nauty interface for GRAPE has only been extensively tested with the included Version 2.2 of nauty, and the bliss interface has only been tested with Version 0.73 of bliss. To use a separately installed version of nauty, type the following commands in GAP, or place these commands in your `gaprc` file (see REF:The gaprc file), where `dreadnaut_or_dreadnautB_executable` should be the name of your dreadnaut or dreadnautB executable file:

    LoadPackage("grape");
    GRAPE_NAUTY := true;
    GRAPE_DREADNAUT_EXE := "dreadnaut_or_dreadnautB_executable";

To use a separately installed version of bliss instead of nauty, type the following commands in GAP, or place these commands in your `gaprc` file (see REF:The gaprc file), where `bliss_executable` should be the name of your bliss executable file:

    LoadPackage("grape");
    GRAPE_NAUTY := false;
    GRAPE_BLISS_EXE := "bliss_executable";

For example, if the bliss executable is `/usr/local/bin/bliss`, then type:

    LoadPackage("grape");
    GRAPE_NAUTY := false;
    GRAPE_BLISS_EXE := "/usr/local/bin/bliss";

You should now test GRAPE and the interface to nauty or bliss on each architecture on which you have installed GRAPE. Start up GAP and at the prompt type

    LoadPackage( "grape" );

On-line documentation for GRAPE should be available by typing

    ?GRAPE

Then run some tests by typing:

    Test(Filename(DirectoriesPackageLibrary("grape","tst"),"testall.tst"));

This should return the value `true`.

Both dvi and pdf versions of the GRAPE manual are available (as `manual.dvi` and `manual.pdf` respectively) in the `doc` directory of the home directory of GRAPE.

If you install GRAPE, then please tell L.H.Soicher@qmul.ac.uk, where you should also send any comments or bug reports.

## 1.2 Loading GRAPE

Before using GRAPE you must load the package within GAP via:

    gap> LoadPackage("grape");
    true

## 1.3 The structure of a graph in GRAPE

In general GRAPE deals with finite directed graphs which may have loops but have no multiple edges. However, many GRAPE functions only work for simple graphs (i.e. no loops, and whenever [x,y] is an edge then so is [y,x]), but these functions will check if an input graph is simple.

In GRAPE, a graph gamma is stored as a record, with mandatory components `isGraph`, `order`, `group`, `schreierVector`, `representatives`, and `adjacencies`. Usually, the user need not be aware of this record structure, and is strongly advised only to use GRAPE functions to construct and modify graphs.

The `order` component contains the number of vertices of gamma. The vertices of gamma are always 1,2,...,``gamma`.order`, but they may also be given names, either by a user (using `AssignVertexNames`) or by a function constructing a graph (e.g. `InducedSubgraph`, `BipartiteDouble`, `QuotientGraph`). The `names` component, if present, records these names, with ``gamma`.names[`i`]` the name of vertex i. If the `names` component is not present (the user may, for example, choose to unbind it), then the names are taken to be 1,2,...,``gamma`.order`. The `group` component records the GAP permutation group associated with gamma (this group must be a subgroup of the automorphism group of gamma). The `representatives` component records a set of orbit representatives for the action of ``gamma`.group` on the vertices of gamma, with ``gamma`.adjacencies[`i`]` being the set of vertices adjacent to ``gamma`.representatives[`i`]`. The `group` and `schreierVector` components are used to compute the adjacency-set of an arbitrary vertex of gamma (this is done by the function `Adjacency`).

The only mandatory component which may change once a graph is initially constructed is `adjacencies` (when an edge-orbit of ``gamma`.group` is added to, or removed from, gamma). A graph record may also have some of the optional components `isSimple`, `autGroup`, and `canonicalLabelling`, which record information about that graph.

## 1.4 Examples of the use of GRAPE

We give here a simple example to illustrate the use of GRAPE. All functions used are described in detail in this manual. More sophisticated examples of the use of GRAPE can be found in chapter Partial Linear Spaces, and also in the references Cam99, CSS99, HL99 and Soi06.

In the example here, we construct the Petersen graph P, and its edge graph (also called line graph) EP. We compute the global parameters of EP, and so verify that EP is distance-regular (see BCN89).

    gap> LoadPackage("grape");
    true
    gap> P := Graph( SymmetricGroup(5), [[1,2]], OnSets,
    >             function(x,y) return Intersection(x,y)=[]; end );
    rec( isGraph := true, order := 10,
      group := Group([ ( 1, 2, 3, 5, 7)( 4, 6, 8, 9,10), ( 2, 4)( 6, 9)( 7,10) ]),
      schreierVector := [ -1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2 ],
      adjacencies := [ [ 3, 5, 8 ] ], representatives := [ 1 ],
      names := [ [ 1, 2 ], [ 2, 3 ], [ 3, 4 ], [ 1, 3 ], [ 4, 5 ], [ 2, 4 ],
          [ 1, 5 ], [ 3, 5 ], [ 1, 4 ], [ 2, 5 ] ] )
    gap> Diameter(P);
    2
    gap> Girth(P);
    5
    gap> EP := EdgeGraph(P);
    rec( isGraph := true, order := 15,
      group := Group([ ( 1, 4, 7, 2, 5)( 3, 6, 8, 9,12)(10,13,14,15,11),
          ( 4, 9)( 5,11)( 6,10)( 7, 8)(12,15)(13,14) ]),
      schreierVector := [ -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2 ],
      adjacencies := [ [ 2, 3, 7, 8 ] ], representatives := [ 1 ],
      isSimple := true,
      names := [ [ [ 1, 2 ], [ 3, 4 ] ], [ [ 1, 2 ], [ 4, 5 ] ],
          [ [ 1, 2 ], [ 3, 5 ] ], [ [ 2, 3 ], [ 4, 5 ] ], [ [ 2, 3 ], [ 1, 5 ] ],
          [ [ 2, 3 ], [ 1, 4 ] ], [ [ 3, 4 ], [ 1, 5 ] ], [ [ 3, 4 ], [ 2, 5 ] ],
          [ [ 1, 3 ], [ 4, 5 ] ], [ [ 1, 3 ], [ 2, 4 ] ], [ [ 1, 3 ], [ 2, 5 ] ],
          [ [ 2, 4 ], [ 1, 5 ] ], [ [ 2, 4 ], [ 3, 5 ] ], [ [ 3, 5 ], [ 1, 4 ] ],
          [ [ 1, 4 ], [ 2, 5 ] ] ] )
    gap> GlobalParameters(EP);
    [ [ 0, 0, 4 ], [ 1, 1, 2 ], [ 1, 2, 1 ], [ 4, 0, 0 ] ]

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